ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants are the
local heritage with global importance plants and plant based medicaments are
the basis of many of the modern pharmaceuticals we use today for our various
ailments. The research investigated the photochemical screening of coconut water.
Coconut water was obtained fresh from coconut fruit and photochemical analysis
was carried out according to standard procedures. The preliminary phytochemical
analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids and
tannins in cocos nucifera water, alycosides, phemolics, terpenoids and
alkaloids were detected while others were absent. This result indicated that
coconut water has useful medicinal values especially with the presence of
phemolics and alkaloids.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
1. Introduction
2. Cocos nucifera
3. Traditional uses of coconut
4. Medicinal uses of coconut
5. Economic importance of coconut
6. Extraction, types
7. Bioactive constituents of plants
1. Alkaloids
2. Saponins
3. Flavonoids
4. Eugenols
5. Glycosides
6. Phenolics
7. Tannins
8. Steriods
9. Terpenes
10.
Aim
11.
Specific objectives
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Materials and Methods
2.1
Reagents
2.2
Equipment/Apparatus
2.3
Methods
2.3.1 Collection of
medicinal plant
2.3.2 Extraction
2.4
Phytochemical screening of the plant extracts
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Results and Discussion
3.1
Result of phytochemical analysis of coconut water
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Conclusion
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Natural phytochemicals derived from medicinal plants have gained significant
recognition in the potential management of several human clinical conditions,
including cancer “Phyto” is the Greek word for plant. There are many “familiar”
of phytochemicals and they help the human body in a variety of ways.
Phytochemicals may protect human from a host of disease. They are non-nutritive
plant chemicals that have protective or disease preventive properties, plant
produce these chemicals to protect itself but recent research demonstrates that
many phytochemicals can protect humans against diseases. There are many
phytochemicals in fruits and herbs and each works differently. The coconut,
cocos nucifera L, has been described as the “tree of life” or tree of heaven
and nature’s greatest gift to man. Each part of the coconut tree can be used to
produce items of value for the community. Cocos nucifera L is a dominant type
of tree belonging to the family Arecaceae (palm). The common name of cocos
nucifera is coconut or coconut palm. Coconut is believed to have its origins in
the Ido-Malayan region from where its spread throughout to tropics. The coconut
palm is monoecious, i.e. with male and female flowers on the same
inflorescence, called a spadix, that develops within a woody sheathe or spathe.
At flowering, the spathe splits length wise to expose the spadix. Each spadix
consists of a man axis 1-1.5m (3-3-5ft) in length with 40-60 branches or
spikelets bearing the flowers linder favorable growing conditions first
flowering occurs about 4-5 years after planting.
Once a palm reaches maturity, a spadix (flower spike) is produced in every leaf
axil between 12 and 15 spadices are produced throughout the year at fairly
regular intervals, although drought conditions can delay the emergence of the
spadix or cause it to abort, the number of female flowers per spadix varies.
Since the floral primordial are initiated 12 months before the spadix emerges,
the number is correlated to the growing conditions (weather, nutrition) 12
months prior to emergence from the literature survey, it is quite evident that the
nflowers of cocos nucifera has potent therapentic value on the area of anti
bacterial, larvicidal, antioxidant, dietary anti inflammatory, hepatoprotective
and anti cancer. The present investigation aims to focus on the identification
of some useful phytochemicals constituents cocos nucifera water extract.
1.2 COCOS NUCIFERA
The coconut tree (cocos nucifera) is a member of the family Arecaceae (palm
family). It is the only accepted species in the genus cocos. The term coconut
can refer to the entire cocnut palm, the seed or the fruit, which botanically
is a drupe, not a nut. The spelling coconut
is an archaic form of the word. The term is derived from the 16th-century
Portuguese and Spanish word coco meaning “head” or “skull”
from the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features.
The coconut is known for its great versatility as seen in the many uses of its
different parts and found throughout the tropics and subtropics. Coconuts are
the part of the daily diets of many people coconut is different from any other
fruits because they contain a large quantity of “water” and when immature they
are known as tender-nuts or jelly-nuts and may be harvested for drinking. When
mature, they still contain some water and can be used as seed-nuts or processed
to give oil from the kernel, char coal from the hard shell
and coirfrom the fibrous husk. The endosperm is
initially in its nuclear phase suspended within the coconut water. As
development continues, cellular layers of endosperm deposit along the walls of
the coconut, becoming the edible coconut “flesh” when dried, the coconut flesh
is called copra. The oil and milk derived from it are commonly
used in cooking and frying, coconut oil is also widely used in cooking
and cosmetic. The clear liquid coconut water within
is potable. The husks and leaves can be used as materials to make a variety of
products for furnishing and decorating, it also has cultural and religious
significance in many societies that use it.
DESCRIPTION
Plant Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30m (98ft) tall, with pinnate leaves
4-6m (13-20ft) long and pinnae 60-90 long old leaves break away cleanly,
leaving the trunk smooth. Coconutsm are generally classified
into two general types, tall and dwarf. On very fertile land, a tall coconut
palm tree can yield up to 75 fruits per year, but more often yields less than
30, mainly due to poor cultural practices. Given proper care and growing
conditions coconut palms produce the first fruits in six to ten years, it takes
15-230 years to reach peak production.
Fruits botanically, the coconut fruits is a drupe not a
true nut like other fruits, it has three layers the exocarp,
mesocard and endocarp. The exocarp and mesocarp make
up the “husk” of the coconut. Coconuts sold in the shops of nontropical
countries often have had the exocarp (outermost layer) removed. The mesocarp is
composed of a fiber, called coir, which has many
traditional and commercial uses. The shell has three germination pores (stoma)
or “eyes” that are clearly visible on its outside surface once the husk is
removed.
A full size coconut weighs about 1.44kg (3-216). It takes around 6,000 full
grown coconuts to produce a tone of corpa.
Roots unlike some other plants, the palm tree have neither
a tap root nor root hairs,
but have fibrous root system.
The coconut palm root system consists of an abundance of thin rooks that grow
outward from the plant near the surface. Only a few of the root penetrate deep
into the soil for stability. The type of root system is known as fibrous or
adventitious and is a characteristic of grass species. Other types of large
trees produce a single downward-growing tap root with a number of feeder roots
growing from it.
Coconut palms continue to produce roots from the base of the stem throughout
its life. The number of roots produced depends on the age of the tree and the
environment, with more than 3,600 roots possible on a tree that is 60 to 70
years old. Roots are uniformly thick from the tree trunk to the root tip.
Inflorescence: The palm produces both the female and male flowers on
the same inflorescence; thus the palm is monoecious. Other
sources use the term polygamomonoecious. The female flower is
much larger than the male flower. Flowering occurs continuously. Coconut palms
are believed to be largely cross pollinated, although some
dwarf varieties are self-pollinating.
Taxonomy
·
Cellular organisms
Eukaryote-Viridiplantae
·
Streptophyta
–Streptophyta-Euphyllophyta
·
Spermatophyte-Tracheophyta-liliopsida
·
Commelinids –
Arecales-Arecaceae
·
Arecoideae – Cocoseae-
Attaleinae-cocos-Cocos nucifera
CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom
Plantae
Division
Magnoliophyta
Class
Liliopsida
Family
Arecaceae
Genus
Cocos
Species
C.
nucifera
CULTIVATION
V palms are grown in more than 90 countries of the world, with a total
production of 62 millions tones per years. Most of the world production is in
tropical Asia. Coconut trees are very hard to establish in dry climates, and
cannot grow there without frequent irrigation, in drought conditions, the new
leaves do not open well, and older leaves may become desiccated, fruits also
tends to be shed.
Technical Requirement of
Coconut Cultivation
Agro-climate
requirements
Coconut is essentially a tropic plant but has been found to grow under varying
agro climatic conditions. The mean annual temperature for optimum growth and
maximum yield is stated to be 270c with a diurnal variation of 60c
to 70c and relative humidity more than 60%. The coconut palm thrives
well up to an altitude of 600m above MSL. The coconut palm thrives well under
an evenly distributed annual rainfall ranging from 100mm to 3000mm. However, a
well distributed rainfall of about 2000mm is the ideal rainfall for proper
growth and higher yield.
Soil
The coconut palm can tolerate wide range of soil conditions. But the palm does
show certain growth preferences. A variety of factors such as drainage, soil
depth, soil fertility and layout of the land has great influence on the growth
of the palm. The major soil types that support coconut in India are laterite,
alluvialred sandy loan, coastal sandy and reclaimed soils with a pH ranging
from 5.2 to 8.0.
Selection of site
Soil with a minimum depth of 12m and fairly good water holding capacity is
preferred for coconut cultivation. Shallow soils with underlying hard rock, low
lying areas subjected to water stagnation and clayey soils should be avoided.
Proper supply of moisture either through well distributed rainfall or
irrigation and sufficient drainage are essential for coconut.
Preparation of land
Size of the pit depends on the soil type and water table. In laterite soils
large pits of the size 1.2m x 1.2m x 1.2 may be dug and filled up with loose
soil, powered cow dung and ash up to a depth of 60cm before planting. In
loaming soils, pits of size 1m x 1m x 1m filled with top soil to height of 50cm
is recommended, while filling the pits, two layers of coconut husk can be
arrange at the bottom of the pit with concave surface fusing upwards for
moisture conservation. After arranging each layer, BHC 10%/DP should be
sprinkled on the husk to prevent termite attack. In laterite soils, common salt
at 2kg pit may be applied, six months, prior, on the floor of the pit to soften
the hard pans.
Spacing
In general square system of planting with a spacing of 7.5m x 7.5m is
recommended for coconut. This will accommodate 177 palms per hectare. However,
spacing of 7.5 to 10m is practiced in various coconut growing regions of the
country.
Harvesting
Coconuts are harvested at varying intervals in a year. The frequency differs in
different areas depending upon the yield of the trees in well maintained and
high yielding gardens, bunches are produced regularly and harvesting is done
once a month. Coconut becomes mature in about 12months after the opening of the
spathe. It is the ripe coconut which is the source of major coconut products
nut which are eleven months old give fibre of good quality and can be harvested
in the tracts where green husks are required for the manufacture of coir fibre.
Economic life of the coconut palm is about 60 years.
1.3 TRADITIONAL USES OF
COCONUT
The coconut is used for roofing and side screens on traditional housing and
woven coconut leaves are used to carry or serve food. The timber is used for
housing and canoe building. While the coconut shells have been used for
centuries to carry water or store coconut oil. The fresh sap is boiled to use
as a natural sweetener or mixed with water to make a lovely sweet drink.
Coconut trunks are used for building small bridges and huts, they are preferred
for their straightness, strength, and salt resistance. Coconut trunks are used
for house construction. Coconut timber comes from the trunk, and is
increasingly being used as an ecologically sound substitute for endangered
hardwoods. It has applications in furniture and specialized construction, as
notably demonstrated in Manila’s coconut palace. The coconut husk is used as a
potting medium to produce healthy forest tree sapling, coconuts are used in the
beauty industry in moisturizers to its chemical structures, is readily absorbed
by the skin. The coconut shell may also be ground down and added to products
for exfoliation of dead skin. Coconut is also a source of lauric acid, which
can be processed in a particular way to produce sodium lauryl sulfate, a
detergent used in showers gels and shampoos. Half coconut shells are used in
theatre foley sound effects of a horses hoof beats. Dried half shells are used
as the bodies of musical instruments, coconut meals used as livestock feed. The
dried calyx is used as fuel in wood fired stoves. Coconut water is
traditionally used as a growth supplement in plant tissue culture/micro
propagation.
1.4 MEDICINAL USES OF
COCONUT
Coconut is used to treat a wide variety of health problems including the
following Abscesses, asthma, baldness, bronchitis, bruises, burns colds,
constipation, cough, dropsy, dysentery, earache, fever, flu, gingivitis,
gonorrhea, irregular or painful menstruation, jaundice, kidney stones,
malnutrition, nausea, rash, scabies, scurvy, skin infection, sore throat,
swelling, syphilis toothache, tuberculosis, tumors, typhoid ulcers, upset
stomach, weakness and wounds. Coconut water is known as a tasty beverage popular
mainly in tropic Island, however far not all of us are aware of health benefits
of coconut water. Generally speaking, it contains a whole amount of supplements
that are needed in order to supplements that are needed in order to sustain
life.
·
Potassium- it helps to
lower arterial blood pressure.
·
Glucose- It acts as
sugar needed for body energy.
·
Vitamin C- It shields
the body for ailments like scurvy.
·
Vitamin B- It helps to
replace worn out tissues and cells.
Hair care
Coconut oil is one of the best natural nutrition for hair. It helps in healthy
growth of hair providing them a shiny complexion; it is effective in reducing
the protein loss for damage and undamaged hair.
Immunity
Coconut oil is also good for the immune system, it strengthen the immune system
as it contains antimicrobial lipids, lauric acid, capric acid and caprylic acid
which have antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral properties. The human body
converts lauric acid into monolaurin which is claimed to help in dealing with
viruses and bacteria causing diseases such as herpes, influenza,
cytomegalovirus, and even HIV. It helps in fighting harmful bacteria such as
listeria monocytogenes and heliobacterpylori, and harmful protozoa such as giardia
lamblia.
Weight loss
Coconut oil is very useful in benefits of honey in weight loss, it contains
short and medium chain fattyacide that helps in taking off excessive weight it
is also easy to digest and it helps in healthy functioning of the thyroid and
enzymes systems. Further, it increases the body metabolism by removing stress
on pancreases, thereby burning out more energy and helping obese and overweight
people reduce their weight. Hence, people living in tropic coastal areas, who
eat coconut oil daily as their primary cooking oil, are normally not fat, obese
or overweight.
1.5 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
OF COCONUT
The coconut palm provides a substantial export income for many tropical
countries, as well as food and drink for home consumption and fuel and shelter
of the exported products, copra, the dried kernel, is a major source of
vegetable oil and coconut oil, and shielded and dried kernel is widely used in
the bakery and confectionery trades as desiccated coconut. Copra cake, left
after oil extraction, is a valued animal feed, especially for dairy
cattle.
The leading coconut producer nations are (in order) the Philippians, Indonesia,
India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malaysia, while production from nations such as
Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu is relatively
small, the coconut trade is a major source of export revenue for these
countries, in some years, copra comprises more than 50% of Vanuatu exports
income.
The coconut industry is the highest net foreign exchange earner of agricultural
exports in the Philippines, accounting for about 1.5% of GNP. It employs
directly or indirectly, some 20 million people (about one-third of the
population) and earns more than US$510m annually. However, the industry’s
ability to meet demand and expanding may be jeopardized by:
1. The declining share of coconut oil in the
world’s oil and fat market.
2. A proposed levy on vegetable oil imports to the
European community and a campaign against coconut oil in US.
3. More stringent aflatoxin regulations imposed in
the international copra market.
4. Erosion of the European desiccated coconut
market.
5. Lack of a market development and expansion
program; and.
6. Low incomes for coconut to respond to changing
patterns in world trade in coconut products could have adverse effects on
employment and revenue.
1.6 EXTRACTION
The shade-dried flowers of cocos nucifera were extracted with various solvents.
Shloroform, methanol, ethanol, hydroaclcohol )80% aqueous ethanol) and aqueous
extracts of flowers of cocos nuficera were prepared in 20g/200ml. the excess
solvent in the extract were removed by distillation and concentrated on water
bath, the extracts were then collected in petridish and stored in desicators at
room temperature. The extracts were used for the detection of phytochemical
analysis.
Type
While to the consumers it may seem that there are a few different types of
coconuts, there is really only one species of coconut plant. The coconut palm,
cocos nucifera, is the only type of palm tree that produces coconut. Within
this species, however, there are dozens of different varieties of coconuts the
different varieties are usually divided into two main types, tall and dwarf.
Tall are the most common type of coconut palm they can cross-pollinate, which
means that they share genetic materials among trees, leading to a lot of
variation in the characteristics of the fruit the two main types of tall
coconut are the Niu Kafa which grows mostly in the wild and not commercially
and the Niu Vai, which is domesticated. In most cases, the many different types
of coconut that fall between the two types are named according to where they
are grown some varieties include the West Africa Tall and the Tampakan Taqll.
Dwarf coconut mostly self-pollinate, which means that there are fewer different
types. As the name indicates, they are smaller than then tall, which makes them
more popular to grow in home gardens and parts. Dwarf coconut trees produce
more fruit than tall size do, but the coconut are generally smaller in size
like tall trees, dwarfs are usually named by their country of origin, in
addition, the color of then young fruits is included as part of the name. Some
varieties include the Cameroon Red, the Malayan Yellow, and the Nias Green.
One variety of coconut, the Niu Leka Dwarf, also known as the Fiji Dwarf or
Samoan Dwarf, is distinct from other dwarf varieties, this several
characteristics in common with the tall.
1.7 BIOACTIVE
CONSTITUENTS IN MEDICINAL PLANTS
Mayer’s Test: A small quantity of the extract was treated with few drops of
dilute hydrochloric acid and filtered. The filtrate was filling with Alkaloid
Mayer’s reagent. Formation of cream precipitate indicated the presence of
alkaloids. Wagner’s Test: To 2-3ml extract with few drops Wagner’s reagent
formation of reddish brown precipitate indicates the presence of alkaloids.
1.7.2 Saponins
Foam Test: the extract was diluted with 20ml of distill water and it was shaken
with a graduated cylinder for 15minutes. Alayer of foam indicated the presence
of Saponnis.
1.7.3 Flavoniods
Naoh Tests: To 2-3ml of extract drops of sodium hydroxide solution were added
in a test tube formation of intense yellow colour that became colourless on
addition of few drops of dilute HCL indicated the presence of flavoniods.
1.7.4 Glycosides
Akyl Glycosides have been described in hetero in cyanobacteria where they
likel6y take part in the protection of these cells. They were isolated and
studied in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria such as anabaena cylindrical (Nicholas
BW et al, nature 1968, 217, 767) and several forms were structurally
characterized.
Other forms with different chain length and functionally groups on the chain
have been studied in other species (cyanospira rippkae, anamaeba torulosa).
Their structures consist of sugar moitiess glycosidically bound to long-chain
diols, triols, keto-ols and keto-diols. The aglycome moiety consisted of C26 or
C28 carbon-chains with hydroxyl functionalities likely at the C-3 position.
Alkyl glucosides found in Nostacaceae were characterized by the presence of
troils and of C-3 Ketones. Ascarosides are a group of simple glycolipids which
were described are in eggs and tissues of nematodes (Ascaridiodea) (Fougeuy C
et al, Bull Soc Biol 1957, 39, 101). Investigations on the chemical nature of
ascarosides from Parascaris equorum and Ascaris Suum (Bartley PJ et al) Nat
prod 1996, 59, 921) have shown that they are formed basically by a glycosyl
moiety (3,6 didesoxymannose, known as ascarylose) linked to a z-hydroxylated
hydrocarbon containing 26 and 33 carbon atoms.
1.7.5 Phonolics
Phenol Test: When 0.5ml of fecl3 (W/V) solutions was added to 2ml of test
solutions, formation of an intense colour indicated the presence of phenols.
1.7.6 Tannins
Ferric Chlodride Test: Small quantity of extract was boiled in 20ml of water in
a test tube and then filtered. A few drop of 0.1% ferric chloride was added and
observed for brownish green or blue-black coloration which indicate the
presence of tannis.
1.7.7 Steriods
Salkowski Test: To 2ml of extract, add 2ml chloroform and 2ml concentrated H2S054 and
was shaken well chloroform layer appeared red and acid layer showed greenish
yellow fluorescence indicated the presence of steriols.
Liberman-Burchard’s Test: Mix 2ml extract with chloroform acid, 1-2ml acetic
anhydride and 2 drops concentrated H2S054 from the
side of the test tube. First red, then blue and finally green colour indicated
the presence of sterols.
Bioactive constituents which have been reported include stigmastane type
saponnins (vernoniosides) steroidal saponins, sesquiterpene lactones
vernomygdin, hydroxy vernolide), phenolics acids lignans, xanthones,
anthraquinanes, terpenese, coumarins and peptides edoties). Nutrient composition
of coconut water are vitamins, glucose, potassium minerals, electrolytes,
enzymes, amino acids, cytokine, and phyto-hormones.
1.7.8 Eugenols
Eugenol is a
phenypropene, on allyl chain-substituted guaiacol. Eugenol is a member of the phenylpropaniods
class of chemical compounds, it is a colourless to pale yellow oily liquid
extracted from certain essential oils especially from clove oil, nutmeg,
cinnamon, basil and bay leaf. It is present in concentrations of 80-90% in
clove bud oil and at 82-88% in clove leaf oil.
Modern Uses of Eugenol
Eugenol is used in perfumeries, flavorings, essential oils and in medicine as a
local antiseptic and anesthetic. Eugenol can be combine with zinc oxide to form
a materials known as zinc oxide engonel which has restorative and prosthodontic
applications in dentistry for example, zinc oxide eugenol is used for root
canal sealing it can be used to reduce the presence of listeria monocytogenes
and lactobacillus sakei in food. Thet are also used in manufacturing stabilizer
and antioxidants for plastics and rubbers. Attempts have been made to develop
eugenol derivatives for intravenous injection, such as propanidid and G.29.505.
the latter produced unacceptable side effects around the site of injection in
many patients it is one of many compound that is attractive to makes of various
species of orchid bees, which apparently gather the chemical to synthesize
pheromones, it is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for
study. It also attract male cucumber beetle it is recently discovered that
eugenol and isoeugenol, flora volatile scent compound, are catalyzed by single
type of enzyme in gymnadenia species and gene encoding for this enzyme is first
functionally characterized gene in this species so far.
It is commonly used in wisdom tooth extraction surgeries complicated by dry
socket. Clove oil is growing in popularity as an anesthetic for use on aquarium
fish as well as a wild fish when sampled for research and management purposes.
Where readily available, it presents a humane method to euthanize sick and
diseased fish either by direct over dose or to induce sleep before and overdose
of ethanol; it is used in some mousetraps and skills certain human colon cancer
cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Eugenol may have potential therapeutic effects
against diseases characterized by excessive osterclast activity.
TOXICITY OF EUGENOL
Eugenol is hepatotouix, meaning it may cause damage to the liver. Overdose is
possible, causing a wide range of symptoms from blood in the patient’s urine to
convulsions, diarrhea, nausea, unconsciousness, dizziness or rapid heartbeat.
According to a published 1993 report, a 2 year old boy nearly died after taking
between 5 and 10ml eugenol is subject to restrictions on its use in perfumery
as some people may become sensitized to it, however, the degree to which
eugenol can cause an allergic reaction in humans is disputed.
ALLERGY OF EUGENOL
Eugenol is a component of Balsam of Peru to which some people are allergic.
When eugenol is used in dental preparations such as surgical pastes, dental
packing, and dental cement, it may cause contact stomatitis and allergic
cheilitis. The allergy can be discovered via patch test.
1.7.9 Terpenes
Terpene, any of a class of hydrocarbons occurring widely in plants and animals
and empirically regarded as built up from isoprene a hydrocarbon consisting of
five carbon atoms, (C5 H8). The term is often
extended to the terpeniods, which are oxygenated derivatives of these
hydrocarbons.
Biological formation of the terpenes occurs by the combination of two molecules
of acetic acid to give mevalonic acid (C6 H12 04)
and conversion of the latter to isopentenyl pyrophosphate, which contains
the five carbon isoprene skeleton. Further transformation of the
isopentenyl compound yield the true terpenes and the terpenoids.
The true terpenes are usually grouped according to the number of isoprene (C5
H8) units in the molecule: monoterpenes (C10 H16) contains two such units;
sesquisterpenes (C15 H24), three; diterpenes (C20 H32), four; triterpenes (C30
H48), six; and tetraterpenes (C40 H64), eight. Rubber and gutta-percha are
polyterpenes in which 1,000-5,000 isoprene units are joined in a long chain.
Monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and diterpenes are abundant in essential oils of
plants: turpentine containe contains several monoterpenes. Vitamin A is another
important diterpene. The triterpene squalene obtainable from shark-liver
oil, may be converted to cholesterol and many other steroids. The carotenoid pigments
are the best known tetraterpenes.
1.10 AIM
The aim of this work is to identify the phytochemicals present in cocos
nucifera water extract.
1.11 Specific Objective
The specific objectives are to carry out phytochemical analysis on coconut water
and also:
1. Collecting drying and pulverisationof coconut
water.
2. Extraction of coconut water using distilled
water by maceration method.
3. Determination of phytochemicals present in
extract of the plant.
Department | Biology |
Project ID Code | BIO0015 |
Chapters | 4 Chapters |
No of Pages | 47 pages |
Reference | YES |
Format | Microsoft Word |
Price | ₦4000, $15 |
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