ABSTRACT
This research work was
designed to examine and analyze the causes and effects of cholera during
raining season in Benin City. Seven (7) research questions were formulated and
questionnaires were administered to one hundred and fifty (150) respondents in
order to gather data for the research. Results showed that poor environment
sanitation leads to cholera outbreak, washing of hands before eating helps to
prevent or reduce the cholera outbreak, also drinking and bathing with
contaminated water leads to cholera infection and a poorly kept toilet also
causes cholera outbreak etc. recommendations were indicated which include that,
government should swing into action by providing various measures in other to prevent
and reduce cholera disease in the country and in Benin City. Our water should
be properly treated by adding chlorine to it before drinking and bathing with
it. We are also advice to keep clean areas where food are prepared and these
food should be properly covered to avoid the cholera outbreak, mothers are also
advice to wash their children clothes with soap and clean water and hands
should be washed after taking care of sick people to avoid the risk of the
disease.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1. Background to the study
2. Statement of problem
3. Purpose of the study
4. Research Questions
5. Significance of the study
6. Scope/Delimitation of the study
7. Limitation to the study
8. Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
1. Literature Review
CHAPTER
THREE
1. Methodology
2. Research Design
3. Population of study
4. Sample and sampling techniques
5. Research instrument
6. Validity of the instrument
7. Administration of the instrument
8. Method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
1. Data Analysis and Interpretation
2. Presentation of Data
3. Analysis of data
CHAPTER FIVE
1. Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
2. Summary
3. Conclusion
4. Recommendation
REFERENCES
QUESTIONNAIRES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Cholera is an infection
of the small intestine that is caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae 01 and
0139( Riyan 2004 & WHO 2010). The main symptoms are profuse watery diarrhea
and vomiting. Transmission is primarily through consuming contaminated drinking
water or food. The severity of the diarrhea and vomiting can lead to rapid
dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Every year there is an estimated 3-5
million cholera cases and 100,000-120,000 deaths due cholera. The short
incubation period of two to five days, enhance the potentially explosive pattern
of out breaks (Faruque 2008 and WHO 2010). Cholera transmission is closely
linked to inadequate environmental management. Typical at-risk areas include
peri-urban slums, where basic infrastructure is not available, as well as camps
for internally displaced people or refugees, where minimum requirements of
clean water and sanitation are not met. The consequences of a disaster –
such as disruption of water and sanitation systems, or the displacement of
populations to inadequate and overcrowded camps – can increase the risk of
cholera transmission should the bacteria be present or introduced.
Epidemics have never
arisen from dead bodies. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and a
key indicator of lack of social development. Recently, the reemergence of
cholera has been noted in parallel with the ever-increasing size of vulnerable populations
living in unsanitary conditions (Emch 2008 and WHO, 2010).
Two serogroups of v.
cholera - 01 and 0139 - causes out breaks (Alexander 2008). v. cholera 01
causes the majority of outbreak, while 0139 -first indentified in
Bangladash in 1992 –is confined to South-East Asia. Non-01 and non-0139 v.
cholera can cause mild diarrhea but dot not generate epidemics. The bacteria
are transmitted via contaminated drinking water or food. Pathogenic v.
cholera can survive refrigeration and freezing in food supplies. (Reildl et al
2002) The dosage of bacteria required to cause an infection in healthily
volunteers via oral administration of living vibrios is greater than 1000
organisms (Hartely 2006 ). After consuming an antacid, however, cholera development
in most volunteers after consumption of only 100 cholera vibrios
experiments also show that vibrios consumed with food are more likely to
cause infection than those from water alone (Finkelstein 1996). Cases tend to
be clustered by location as well as season, with most infections occurring in
children ages 1-5 years (WHO 2010).
Cholera is severe water-born infectious disease caused by the bacterium
vibrio cholerae. In 2005, 131,943 cases including 2,272 deaths have
notified from 52 countries. The year was marked by a particular significant
series of outbreaks in West Africa, which affected 14 countries and accounted
for 58% of all cholera cases world-wide (WHO 2006). In the same year Nigeria
had 4,477 cases and 174 deaths. There was reported case of cholera in 2008 in
Nigeria in which 429 death out of 6,330 cases. More so, 2,304 cases in Niger
State in which 114 were reported death in 2008 (NBS 2009). Recent years have
seen a strong trend of cholera outbreak in developing countries, including among
others, those in India (2007), Iraq (2008), Congo (2008), Zimbabwe (2008-2009),
Haiti (2010), Kenya (2010). Koko in Edo State (1989). In Nigeria, according to
UN figure, 1,555 people have died since January and 38,173 cases have been
reported. The figure is more than four times the death toll the government
reported in August (Guardian. 2010)
Cholera is a disease
characterized by profuse diarrhea accompanied with a severe dehydration and
loss of electrolyte (Colwell and Huq, 1994), caused by toxigenic Vibrio
cholerae, a serologically diverse, environmental, and gram-negative rod
bacterium (Li et al., 2002). In the absence of appropriate treatment, there is
a high mortality rate. Cholera is a major public health concern because of its
high transmissibility, death-to-case ratio and ability to occur in epidemic and
pandemic forms (Kaper et al., 1995). Cholera is responsible for an estimated
death of 120,000 globally every year (WHO, 2001), and still continues to be a
scourge worldwide covering all continents. In developing countries with endemic
areas, cholera is still very significant with incidence of more than five
million cases per year (Tauxe et al., 1994; Lan and Reeves, 2002). The
explosive epidemic nature and the severity of the disease and the potential
threat to food and water supplies have prompted the listing of V. cholerae as
an organism of biological defense research (Zhang et al., 2003). In an
epidemic, the great majority of cases can be recognized by clinical diagnosis
easily and a bacteriological diagnosis is often not required. Cholera is
endemic in Nigeria (Falade and Lawoyin, 1999) and epidemiological features
(Utsalo et al., 1991, 1992; Eko et al., 1994; Hutin et al., 2003) have been
reported from various parts of the country with investigations on possible
sources of outbreaks. Outbreaks of cholera had been reported from various
States in Nigeria such as Ogun, Edo, Pleatue State etc, of Nigeria.
Investigations on outbreak of cholera in Nigeria have focused on the
epidemiological features, the probable source of contamination and the risk
factors without spatial linkage of health data. However, advances in
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) technology provides this opportunity and
have become an indispensible tool for processing, analyzing and visualizing
spatial data within the domains of environmental health, disease ecology and
public health (Kistemann et al., 2002).
The use of GIS is not
new in waterborne disease outbreaks and cholera studies. It has been applied in
investigating waterborne disease outbreak (NWW, 1999), microbial risk
assessment of drinking water reservoirs (Kistemann et al., 2001a), drinking
water supply structure (Kistemann et al., 2001b), and spatial patterns of
diarrhoea illness with regards to water supply structures (Dangendorf et al.,
2002). In cholera studies, GIS technology has been applied in studying the
correlation between socio-economic and demographic indices and cholera
incidence (Ackers et al., 1998), environmental risk factors (Ali et al.,
2002a), spatial epidemiology (Ali et al., 2002b), health risk prediction
(Fleming et al., 2007) and spatial and demographic patterns of cholera (Osei
and Duker, 2008). This study seeks to assess the causes and effect of cholera
outbreak in Benin City, Edo State.
1.2 STATEMENT
OF PROBLEM
The threat of cholera
rampaging through Nigeria has long been of concern to many. The crowded
settings coupled with minimal water, sanitation, hygiene and health services,
present a fearsome breeding ground for cholera to quickly escalate beyond
control. In an attempt to avoid this worse-case scenario, a massive response
needs to be mounted by the Government to enlighten the general public about the
causes of this deadly disease and also ways to avoid the outbreak. Hygiene
promoters should be employed to work every day, sharing information on how to
avoid contracting the illness and the signs and symptoms of the disease.
1.3
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this
study is to determine the causes and effect of cholera during rainy season in
Benin City.
The specific objectives
of the study are:
1. To identify the
cause of cholera in Benin City.
2. To ascertain if
cholera outbreak is usually rampant during the rainy season among children in
Benin City.
3. To identify the
problems associated with the prevention of cholera in Benin City
4. To determine
the ways of preventing cholera outbreak in Benin City.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research
questions were asked and answered in the study:
1. Does poor environmental
sanitation lead cholera outbreak?
2. Can drinking
and bathing with contaminated water lead to cholera outbreak?
3. Does washing of
hands before eating help to prevent cholera infection?
4. Does poorly
kept toilet cause cholera outbreak?
5. Is cholera
outbreak rampant during the rainy season?
6. Does the use of
pipe borne water for drinking and cooking help reduce cholera outbreak?
7. Does boiling of
water reduce the risk of cholera infection?
1.5
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
The research work is
important in several ways both to the health personnels and the individual
within the society. Firstly, this study will expose to us some of the causes of
cholera outbreak in Benin City and also proffer ways of preventing cholera outbreak
within our community.
This study is also be
relevant to the government by providing the number of cholera outbreak within
the Nigeria economy and also present the figures of cholera victims who dies as
a result of this disease, by this information, the government can swing into
action by providing various measures in other to limit or prevent further
outbreak of the disease in our community.
1.6
SCOPE/DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study is set out to
determine the causes and effect of cholera outbreak during rainy season in
Benin City, Edo State. Therefore, the study is restricted to only community
health workers, and other health related personnels in Benin City, Edo State.
Respondents include students, teachers, civil servants, youths, and drivers.
1.8
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Cholera:- is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by
ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium, Vibrio
cholera
Infection:-. is the invasion of body tissues by disease-causing microorganisms,
their multiplication and the reaction of body tissues to these microorganisms
and the toxins that
they produce.
Outbreak:-. a sudden, violent, or spontaneous occurrence,
especially of disease or strife
WHO:- World Health Organization.
Environment: This is the physical, chemical, and biological
condition of the region in which one lives.
Transmission:- The act or process of transferring a disease
from a person to another.
Contamination: Is the term describing the state of a person
or material on coming in contact with the disease pathogen.
Threat:-. An expression of an intention to inflict pain,
injury, evil, or punishment. An indication of impending danger or harm.
One that is regarded as a possible danger; a menace.
Disease: Can be seen as a depart from the normal
healthy state of the body soul and mind of a human being, which manifests
itself in an abnormal development of the physical, physiological and mental
state of the human being concerned.
Epidemiology: The study of disease that affect large numbers
of people. Traditionally, epidemiologist have been concerned primarily with
infectious diseases such as typhoid and influenza, that arise and spread
rapidly among the population as epidemics.
Department | Biology |
Project ID Code | BIO0012 |
Chapters | 5 Chapters |
No of Pages | 60 pages |
Methodology | Null |
Reference | YES |
Format | Microsoft Word |
Price | ₦4000, $15 |
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Contact Us On | +2348039638328 |
Contact Us On | +2347026816414 |
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