ABSTRACT
This study was on
oxidative stress status of rat fed with Pentraclethra macrophylla, otherwise
known as African oil bean seed oil in English or Ugba in Igbo. Sixteen male
rats were distributed into four groups. 1 (control), then group 2, 3, and 4 as
test groups. They were fed with their formulated meal (5%, 10%, 20%
inclussions) for 28 days. Group 1 was the control and were fed with the normal
feed, while group 2, 3 and 4 which were the test groups were fed with test feed
formula.. The parameters determined were MDA concentrations and catalase
activity. Serum MDA significantly increased (p<0.05) while the catalase
activity significantly decreased (p<0.05). This finding may be clinically
significant to individuals with predisposition to increased generation of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other degenerative diseases.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter One
1.0
Introduction
1.1 Aim and
objective
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature
Review
2.1 Classification
of oil bean
2.2 Composition of
seed
2.3 Fatty acid
composition of African oil bean seed
2.4
Pharmacological uses
2.5 Anti nutrient
in health
2.6 Oil bean and
humans
2.6.1 Oil bean
seed and animals
2.7 Oxidative
stress
2.7.1
Malondialdehyde
2.8
Catalase
3.0 Materials and
methods
3.1
Materials
3.2 Collection and
identification of plant materials
3.3Animals
3.4 Preparation of
oil bean seed meal for animal feeding
3.4 .1 Oil bean
seed meal inclusion diet preparations
3.4.2 Oil
extraction
3.5 Formulation of
oil bean seed meal
diet
3.5.1 Oil bean
seed based treatment diet (g/100g Diet)
3.5.2
Chemicals/Biochemicals
3.6 Phytochemical
screening
3.6.1 Test for
tannins
3.6.2 Test for
alkaloids
3.6.3 Test for
saponin
3.6.4 Test for
flavonoids
3.6.5 Determination
of phenols
3.7 Determination
of fatty acid composition
3.7.1
Determination of anthocyanin
3.8 Collection of
blood sample
3.9.1 Catalase
assay
Chapter Four
4.0 Result and
discussion
4.1 Figure i fatty
acid composition of extracted oil of pentraclethra macrophylla
4.2 Figure ii
malondialdehyde concentration of test and control animal
4.3 Figure iii
catalase concentration of test and control
animals
Chapter Five
5.0 Discussion
5.1 Recommendations
References
CHAPTER ONE
THE OXIDATIVE STRESS STATUS OF RATS FED ON OIL
BEAN
SEED MEAL
Ugba also called ukpaka
is a popular food delicacy in Nigeria especially among Igbo ethnic group. It is
rich in protein and is obtained by a solid state fermentation of the seed of
African oil bean tree (Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth).
The natural fermentation
of the seed which at present is still done at the house-hold level, renders the
production nutritious, palatable and non-toxic (Enujiugha, 2002).
Its production,
like many African fermented foods depends, entirely on mixed fermentation by
microorganism from diverse source.
Pentaclethra
macrophylla Benth is a large woody plant abundant in the
rain forest areas of west and central Africa. It’s 1937 (Ladipo, 1984); where
it is found in the South Nigeria, (Mbajunwa et al.,1998).
―Ugba‖Pentaclethra
macrophylla Benth belongs to the Family Leguminosae and
sub-family Microsoideae (Keay, 1989 and NFTA, 1995).
Ugba seeds are
irregular and oval; they are flat, black and hard pods. It is composed of oil,
protein and small amounts of carbohydrate (Obeta, 1982).
(i)
To determine the concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA, which indicates the
peroxidation status) and
(ii)
The activity of Catalase (a marker of antioxidant status) in the serum of rats
fed graded doses of African oil bean seed meal
CHAPTER TWO
2.0.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The oil bean seeds are
obtained from the African oil bean tree (Pentaclethra macrophylla
Bentham) a large perennial leguminous plant that grows to a height of
25m. The leaves are small and reddish when Young and but gradually turn to dark
green (Enujiugha and Agbade, 2005).
The trees are planted
along the sides of roads as shade trees and around communities as cash crops.
The fruit is black, hard and woody pod measuring about 35-36cm long and 5-10cm
broad. When mature it splits open explosively to release about eight diameters
and weighing about 15-20grams (Keay et al., 1964; Odunfan,
1986).
The compound leaves are
usually about 20-45cm long and covered with rusty hairs giving a scurfy effect
particularly along the upper surface but this eventually falls off. There are
10-12 pairs of stout pinnae, the middle pairs are 7-13cm long and also have
rusty hairs along the central grove. There are usually 12 –15 pairs of opposite
stalk less pinnules (leaflets) each 12 –15cm long and 5 –10mm broad,
with
the middle pairs longest. Leaflets often have a rounded tip but are sometimes notched,
the base is unequal.
Flowers are creamy
yellow or pinkish-white and sweat smelling, flowering commences at variable
periods within West Africa. The main flowering season is between March to April
with smaller flushes in June and November. Fruits are available at most periods
of the year because the large woody pods are persistent. The pods are 40-50cm
long and 5-10 wide. Fruits splits open explosively with the valves curling up.
This is the form in which they appear on most trees, usually pods contain
between 6-10 flat glossy brown seeds and are up to 7cm long. This is
the edible product
and sources of the
Ville, 1959).
The fermented seed
is called UGBA by the Igbo’s while the Efiks in the southern Nigeria call it
UKANA. It is consumed by an
estimate of about 15
million people in the eastern part of Nigeria majority of who are Igbo’s
(Odunfa85) and Oyeyola, 19
2.1
CLASSIFICATION OF OIL BEAN
Kingdom: Plantae
Order: Fabales
Subfamily: Mimosoideae
Tribe: Mimoseae
Genus: Pentaclethra
Species Pentaclethra
macrophylla
2.2 COMPOSITION
OF SEED:
The oilbean seeds
contain 4-17% carbohydrate, 44-47% oil which has been found to be rich in oleic
acid (Nwokedi,
1975; Odoemelam, 2005) and linoleic acid (Onwuliri et
al., 2004). Onwuliri et
al. (2004) also found out that the saturated fatty
acid, lignoceric acid, occurred in high amounts constituting
about 10% of the total fatty acid concentration.
Some workers said that the oil content could be as low as 38% (Kar and
Okechukwu, 1978). They also reported that the oil contains about 75%
saturated fatty
acids and 25% unsaturated fatty
acids. (Achinewhu, 1983) showed
the fatty acid content
of the seeds. Both saturated and unsaturated fatty
acids are found in the seeds. For the saturated fatty
acids, lignoceric acid appears to be present in the largest
amount constituting about 12% while palmitic acid is the least with 3.4%.
Behemic acid is also present with 5.2%. The major
unsaturated fatty acid in
the seeds is linoleic acid constituting 42.8%. Oleic acid is
also present in appreciable amounts (29.0%). Linolenic and
Gadoleic acids are
present in very
small amounts (3.2 and 0.28%, respectively.
2.3 FATTY
ACID COMPOSITION OF AFRICAN OIL BEAN SEED
Composition |
Values |
Yield of oil (%) |
46.3 |
Saturated fatty acid |
|
Palmitic acid |
3.4 |
Behenic |
5.2 |
lignoceric |
12.0 |
Unsaturated fatty acid |
|
Oleic |
29.0 |
Linoleic |
42.8 |
Linolenic |
3.2 |
Gadoleic |
0.28 |
As percentage of total oil. Achinewhu
(1983) |
|
presence
of appreciable amounts of behenic and
lignoceric acids is not
desirable for
edible oils (Odufan, 1986).
However, Odoemelam
(2005) believes that the high degree of unsaturation makes
it suitable for
cooking purposes and for use as a drying oil for cosmetics, paints
and varnishes.
Department | Bio-Chemistry |
Project ID Code | BCH0016 |
Chapters | 5 Chapters |
No of Pages | 95 pages |
Methodology | Null |
Reference | YES |
Format | Microsoft Word |
Price | ₦4000, $15 |
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