CHAPTER ONE |
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1.0 Introduction - |
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CHAPTER TWO |
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2.0 |
Literature
Review - |
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2.1 |
Kola
Nut Powered (Cola Nitida) - |
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2.2 |
Kola
pod components - |
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2.3 |
Geography
and distribution - |
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2.4 |
Lipoprotein
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2.5 |
High
cholesterol diagnosis - |
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2.6 |
Low
cholesterol - |
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Changes
during circulation - |
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2.8 |
Liver
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CHAPTER THREE |
Materials
and methods |
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3.1 |
Identification
and Extraction plant material - |
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3.2 |
Phytochemical
Analysis - |
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3.3 |
Experimental
Animal model - |
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3.4 |
Collection
of Blood samples - |
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3.5 |
Lipid
profile Analysis - |
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CHAPTER FOUR |
Results |
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Phytochemical composition of samples - |
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CHAPTER FIVE |
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Discussion and conclusion |
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5.1 |
Discussion
- - |
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5.2 |
Conclusion
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Reference -
Cola nitida has been in
use in the eastern parts of Nigeria for the management of certain ailments and
as an aphrodisiac in the management of some sexual dysfunctions. However the
effects of this extract in some health parameters in human objects have not been
reported. This work, then, was aimed at investigating the effect of water
extracts of kola pods on lipoprotein concentrations on albino wistar rats.
Rats were used in
this study and they were divided into several groups and fed with a high
calorietoincreasethe food ( blood lipoprotein concentration in the rat models.
The effect of the water extracts of the sample used was compared with a known
drug and the results statistically compared to ascertain the effect of the
water extract on the rat models.
The results of this work
indicate that water extracts of cola nitida pods can be used in the management
of mild lipoprotein dysfunctions thus substantiating the reasons for its use in
sexual erectile functions.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Cola Nitida has been used in folk medicine as an
aphrodisiac, an appetite suppressant, to treat morning sickness, migraine
headache, and indigestion (Esimone et al., 2007). It has also
been applied directly to the skin to treat wounds and inflammation
(Newall et al.,1996)on the teeth and gums. There has also been
speculations as to its use in the treatment of peptic ulcer, however, in
Nigeria there is no record of the incidence of peptic ulcer.
According to Esimone
(2007), cola nitida tree is native to West Africa. Cola nuts are obtained from
cola trees. Cola nitida belongs to the genus cola and family steriliaceae.
They are commonly used to counteract hunger and thirst; in some cases it is
used to control vomiting in pregnant woman and also as a principal stimulant to
keep awake and withstand fatigue by students, drivers, and other menial
workers.
Lipoproteins are found
in the liver and cells. The liver is the largest organ inside the body. The
liver is dark reddish-brown and consists of two main
lobes. There are over 300 billion specialized cells in the liver that are
connected by a well organized system of
“bile”
ductssels calledandthe biliarybloodsystem. ves
LITERATURE REVIEW
Cola husk pod has
great potentials as feed ingredients (Hamzat et al., 2003).
Cola tree is a tropical tree which belongs to the family of steriliaceae.
It is mostly common in the rain forest region of West Africa. This crop is of
socio-economic importance; there is a variety of kola species, out of which
cola nitida and cola accuminata are of major economic and social importance in
Nigeria. (Babafunde et al.,2001.)
According to
Russelu (2005) the tree is a robust tree usually from 12m high. In South
Western Nigeria where large plantation is established, I discovered that kola
nitida pod husk shares several similarities with coco pod husk; both have high
crude protein and low crude fibre content. Kola pod husk contains the highest
value of calcium (0.60%), chloride ion (0.44%) and molybdenum (9.4ppm) (lowest
value of this nutrient is observed in kola test (0.7ppm). The seeds of both
cola nitida and cola accuminata, its nutritive quality have been reported
cogutuga.
2.1 KOLA
POD COMPONENTS
The kola pod
components were found to have supportive effect on fat accumulation.
Sayami et al., 2010, described that 2% caffeine powder
suppresses body weight gain and fat accumulation. It also reduces
triacylglycerol (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) in the liver and as well as
(TG) in serum, without reducing food intake (in mice). As a result, it was
shown that the combination of caffeine and catechin might be the most effective
of all green tea components in suppressing fat accumulation. Body fat gain in
mice fed with a high-fat diet was significantly suppressed. Catechins and MRNA
expressions of acyl-con oxidase (ACO) and medium chain acyl-con dehydrogenase
(MCAD), which are related to B-oxidation within the liver were upregulated. It
was also demonstrated that weight gain, body fat, accumulation, TG and TC in
the liver, and TG in serum were suppressed in rats fed on normal diet and water
containing 0.5% catechins. Additionally, a diet containing 1% catechins
decreased TG levels and enzymatic activities of fatty acid synthesis (F &
S) on enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis in rat liver. Rats fed with a
high-fat diet with 0.05% or 0.14% caffeine demonstrated a reduction in body fat
mass as well as hepatic and serum TC and TG levels. Moreover, serum
catecholamine concentrations were increased in rat that were orally administered
5mg/kg of caffeine.
Taxonomy
Class:
Equisetopsida
Subclass:
Magnolidae
Superorder:
Rosanae
Order:
Malvales
Family:
Malvaleae
Genus:
cola
Common name
(s): Kola
nut, cola, kola, siffer kola (English)
Abata cola, Gbaja
cola, goro cola, labozlic kola (traditional names).
2.3 GEOGRAPHY
& DISTRIBUTION
Cola nitida is native to West Africa (from
Guinea to Ghana) and has been introduced throughout the forested areas of
West and Central Africa. Commercial crops are
grown mainly in Nigeria, Ghana, Cote
d’ivoireSierra Leoneandand also to some extent in India, Brazil and Jamaica.
2.4 LIPOPROTEIN
A lipoprotein
is a biochemical assembly that contains
both proteins and lipids. Many enzymes, transporters, antigens, adhesions,
structural proteins and toxins are lipoproteins. The trans membrane proteins of
the mitochondrion and the chloroplast, and bacterial lipoprotein functions of
lipoprotein particles is to transport water insoluble lipids (fats) and
cholesterol around the body in the blood. The various types of lipoprotein in
the body enable fats to be carried in the blood stream. The lipoproteins have
hydrophilic groups of phospholipids, cholesterol and apoproteins directed
outward. Such characteristics make them soluble in the salt water based blood
pool. Triglyceride – fats and cholesterol esters are carried internally,
shielded from the water by the phospholipids monolayer and the
Department | Business Administration and Management |
Project ID Code | BAM0411 |
Chapters | 5 Chapters |
No of Pages | 65 pages |
Reference | YES |
Format | Microsoft Word |
Price | ₦4000, $15 |
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