ABSRACT
This work was carried
out to investigate the effects of pterocarpus mildbreadii seed on the HDL-
level of albino rats.High density lipoprotein(HDL) is a fraction of
cholesterol,which helps to transport cholesterol from peripheral of cell to the
liver.High density lipoprotein is carried out to investigate cardio vascular
diseases.Fresh oha seed (pterocarpus mildbreadii seed) was collected from
Amokwe in udi local government Area Enugu state. They were dried at room
temperature for about a month in an open laboratory space, groud into coarse
form and weighed on an electrical weighing balance. 3% tween-80 was prepared by
dissolving 3% tween -80 in 97ml of distilled water. The grounded pterocarpus
mildbreadii was dissolve in the 3% tween-80.A total of sixteen wistar abino
rats used for this analysis. The rats were divided into 4(four) groups. Group
1contain 4 rats and received 0.5 each of 3% tween-80. Group 2 contain 5 rats
and were administered with 1400mg/kg b.w of pteridocarpus mildreadii solution
Group 3 contain 3 rats and were administered with 2600mg/kg. b.w of
pteridocarpus mildbreadii solution. Group 4 contain 4 rats and were
administered with 500mg/kg. b.w. of Edmard MRT complex.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review
2.1 lipids
2.2 Classification of lipids
2.3 Triglycerides
2.4 Waxes
2.5 Phospholipid
2.6 Fatty acids
2.7 Types of fatty acids
2.8Unsaturated fatty acids
2.9 Essential fatty acids
2.11 Cholesterol
2.12 Dietary source &
effect of Chole
2.13 Functions
of Cholesterol in the
2.14 lipoprotein
metabolism
2.15 very
low density lipoprotein (VLDL
2.16 low
density lipoprotein
2.17 Function
of LDL
2.18 High density lipoprotein
(HDL
2.19 Clinical significance
2.20 Fat soluble vitamin
2.21 Vitamin A
2.22 Vitamin D
2.23 Vitamin E
2.24 Vitamin K
2 .25
lipid storage in plants
2.26 lipid
Body structure
2.27 Unusual fatty acids in
seed triacylglyce
2.28 PProperties
of lipids
2.29 Physical
properties
2.30 Chemical properties
2.31 Rancidity
2.32 Structure
2.34 Insulation
2.35 Nerve function
2.36 Energy source
2.37 Uses of oha
seed (pterocarpus
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Material
3.1 Plant
seed
3.2 Animals
3.3 Equipments
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1
Cholesterol activity
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion and conclusion
5.1 Discusion
5.2 Conclusion
Appendix
Reference
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Pterocarpus mildbreadii are trees with
edible parts successfully budded, pterocarpus species (P.Soyauxii and P.
mildbeadii are reported to have different patterns of leaf flush, one
spontanous and the other intermitted making the first suitable for commercial
production and the second the home production (Okafor 1978). Pterocarpus
mildbreadii being the major case study both the vegetable and the seeds.
The vegetable is majorly
used in our various home for cooking. Pterocarpus mildbreadii (Oha seed) are
not consumed by the people from the eastern part of Nigeria. So it cannot be
majorly stated the content of this oha seed.
The demand for vegetable
oils as a result of diminishing source of oils and fats creates the needs for
new sources as well as exploiting sources that are currently unexploited in
order to supplement the existing ones (Minzangi et al. 2011).
As industrialists
continues to rely mostly on the popular vegetable oil like coconut oil,
soyabeans oil, ground nut oil, palm oil etc. for the preparation and production
of their various products.
Plant lipids also posses
nutritive value and have an impact on human nutrition and the world
economy.more than three quarters of the edible and industrial oils marketed
annually are derived from seed and fruit triglycerol (Schimid & Ohlrogge,
2002). Seeds have nutritive and calorific value which makes them necessary in
diets. They are good sources of edible oils and fats. The amount of energy
provide by 1g of fat and oil when fully digested is more than twice as many
joules of protein and carbohydrate do. Fats makes meals more satisfying, enrich
its flavor and delay the unset of hunger (Odoemelan, 2005). Unfortunately,
insufficient availability of animal protein and the costliness of available
plant protein sources have also increased the need for research on revealing
lesser known under-utilized legumes and oil seeds of nutritive value (Schimid
& Ohlrogge, 2002).
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CHAPTER
TWO |
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LITERATURE
REVIEW |
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2.0 |
The |
fats
and oils |
used
almost universally as |
stored |
form of |
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energy
in |
living
organisms are derivatives of fatty acids (Nelson |
& Cox, |
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2005).
The natural fat and oil are mixtures of glycerides and fatty acids |
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belonging
to a large group of water insoluble substances called lipids. |
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Plants
produced the majority
of t |
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including
humans depends on these lipids as a major source of calories |
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and
fatty acids plant lipid also have substantial impact on the world |
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economy |
and human nutrition. More than three-quarters of the
edible |
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and
industrial oils marketed annually are derived from seed and fruit |
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triglycerols. |
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This
figures are particularly impressive given that on a whole organism |
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basis,
plants store more carbon as carbohydrates than as lipids. Some |
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plants
are not mobile and since photosynthesis provide fixed carbon on |
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regular
basis, plant requirement for storage lipids as an efficient, light |
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weight
energy reserve are less acute than that of animals (Schmid & |
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Ohlrogge,
2002). World supplies of fats and oil are reported to come |
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from
vegetable sources |
(68.1%)
animal fats (28.2%) |
and marine fats |
(3.8%). In Nigeria, there are abundant sources of lipids such as
palm oil, coconut oil, cotton seed oil, soya bean oil, groundnut oil, etc.
(Akpan et al. 2006).
2.1 LIPIDS
Lipids are
important biological molecules. These compounds are sparingly soluble in water
and highly soluble in organic solvents such as ether, chloroform, turpentine,
Benzene. E.t.c. They are divers in both structures and functions therefore do
not share a common molecular structure. Lipids may be broadly defined as
hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules; the amphiphilic nature of some
lipids allows them to form structures such as vesicles, liposomes, or membranes
in an aqueous environment. Lipids function in energy storage, cell membrane
structure, protective of living surfaces and chemical signals.
2.2 CLASSIFICATION
OF LIPIDS
Lipids
classification based on their chemical nature includes the simple lipids,
compound lipids, derived lipids and lipids complexed to other compounds.
SIMPLE LIPIDS:- Are those containing fatty acids
and glycerol or other higher alcohols. Compounds that exist under this class
are the
A.
Neutral fats –Triglycerides
B.
Waxes
1.
True waxes
2.
Cholesterol esters
3.
Vitamin A esters
4.
Vitamin D esters
COMPOUNDS LIPIDS: These are fatty acids esterifies with an alcohol
but in addition they contain other groups like the sulfate, nitrogen. Etc.
common examples includes
A.
phospholipids - Contain a phosphoric molecule and a fat molecules
B.
Cerebroside –Contain a carbohydrates and a fat molecule.
C.
Sulfolipids –Contain a sulfate radical.
DERIVED LIPIDS:- These compounds are
derived from lipids or precursor of lipids. They include
B.
fatty aldehydes
C.
fatty alcohols
D.
vitamins A,D,E,K
E.
Hydrocarbons
2.3
TRIGLYCERIDES
Triglycerides
results from the reaction between glycerol and fatty acid. They are the major
energy reserve and the principal neutral derivative of glycerol found in
animals. These molecules consist of glycerol esterifies with three fatty acids.
If all the three fatty acids group are the same, the molecule is called a
simple triglycerides. Eg tristerylgcerol and trioleoylglycerol. Mixed
triglycerol contain two or more different fatty acids. Monoacylglycerol and Diacylglycerol
also exist, but they are less common than the triglycerol. A significant number
of fatty acids in plants and animals exist in the form triglycendes. These are
the most abundant class of lipids. Most animal and plant fats are composed of
mixtures of simple and mixed triglycerides. Triglycerol are stored as oil in
seeds of many types of plants, providing energy and
biosynthetic precursors during seed germination (Nelson &S
Cox, 2005). Triglycerides are rich in high reduced carbons and thus yield large
amount of energy in oxidative reaction of metabolism. Complete oxidation of 1
gram of triglyceride yield about 17 kg /g (Grisham & Garrett, 2005).
2.4 WAXES
Waxes are
alcohol-based lipids that are extremely insoluble in water. If you have ever
spilled your beverages on the wax paper wrapping of your sandwich, you have
probably observed the way the liquid is repelled by the wax and forms beads.
Because wax dose not dissolve in water, they form a thin layer over all the
green tissue of plants that is both a chemical and physical barrier. This layer
serve many purposes, for example to limit the diffusion of water and solutes,
while permitting a controlled release of a volatiles that may deter pests or
attract pollinating insects it provides protection from diseases and insects,
and helps the plants resist drought. Waxes also have a water proofing and
protective roles for insects.
Waxes can have a storage
function, as in marine organisms and for example in the seeds of the jojoba
plants. Bees use wax to produce the rigid structures of honey combs. The
uropygial glands of birds secrets waxes, which they use to provide
water-proofing for feathers (Christie, 2011).
2.5 PHOSPHOLIPIDS
These are the second most abundant class of
lipids usually found in animal and plant cell membrane. Phospholipids contain a
glycerol and fatty acids plus phosphoric acid and a low molecular weight
alcohol. While fatty acids are typically composed of three fatty acids,
phospholipids have two fatty acids. Phospholipids have water-hating “fails”
-lovingandwater„heads “so that they helps protects our cellular machinery from
the outside world. Examples of phospholipids found in the biological membrane
are phosphatidylcholine (also known as PC, Gpcho or lecithin),
phosphafidylethano lamine (Pt or Gpftn) and phosphatidylserine cps or Gpser).
Department | Bio-Chemistry |
Project ID Code | BCH0014 |
Chapters | 5 Chapters |
No of Pages | 69 pages |
Reference | YES |
Format | Microsoft Word |
Price | ₦4000, $15 |
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Contact Us On | +2347043069458 |