ABSTRACT
Kola bark extract
have been widely used in tradition medicine for thousand of year, it improves
liver functions and provides protection against high fat fed metabolic rats.
Present investigations were carried out on the hepatoprotective role of Kola
bark extract meal treatment to high fat fed wistar rat. Healthy adult male
wistar rats were divided into four groups Group I: rats were fed a standard
Laboratory diet (groups match) (20g/rat/day), Group II: rats were fed a
high-fat diet alone (3.6g/rat/day), Group III: rats were fed with combined
mixture of 70% of high-fat diet with 30% Kola bark meal (9.8g/rat /day), Group/
V: rats were fed with high fat diet and was administered with Lipitor
(Atovastatin) (10mg/rat/day) . The rats were sacrificed at the end of the
experiment (two weeks) period. The high fat fed rat substantially elevated its
serum and liver tissue AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin with decreased in total protein
levels. Where as the levels of all parameters significantly restored towards
normalization by the kola bark husk meal treatment. The results obtained
suggest that the Kola bark meal have potent hepatoprotective action on high fat
fed rats. A companion of the performance in both Kola bark meal and Lipitor
treatment on high fat fed rat in respect of hepatoprotective role is clearly
indicator that the Kola bark meal treatment was more and related to the result
of Lipitor as well as to the normal level.
Table 1: Test for
Cholesterol (TC)
Table 2: Test for
Triglyceride (TG)
Table 3:
Qualitative Analysis: Phytochemical Composition of samples
Table 4:
Qualitative Analysis: Quantitative Phytochemistry
Table 5: Liver
Function Test of rats fed with various samples
TABLE OF CONTENTS |
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CHAPTER ONE |
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1.0 Introduction |
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CHAPTER TWO |
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2.0
Literature review
2.1 Origin
of kola
2.1.2 Strategies for enhancing investment
opportunities in kola production-
2.2 Lipid metabolism
2.2.1 Lipid and
lipoproteins –definition and classification
2.2.2. Plasma
lipoproteins
2.3.4 Cholesterol
metabolism
2.3.0 Liver x receptor
2.3.1 Liver x receptor as cholesterol sensors
2.3.2 Liver x receptor and bile acid synthesis,
metabolism and excretion
2.3.3 LXR and cholesterol Biosynthesis
2.3.4 LXR and cholesterol uptake -
2.3.5 LXR and intestinal
cholesterol absorption
2.3.6
LXR as therapeutic targets
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Materials and methods
3.1 Identification of plant material
3.2 Phytochemical analyses
3.3 Experimental animal models
3.4 Collection of blood sample
3.5 Lipid profile analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0
Results
4.1 Discussions
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 |
Conclusions
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5.1 |
References
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Liver is the largest and
most complex internal organ in the body. It plays an important role in the
maintenance of internal environment through its multiple and diverse functions.
Liver is involved in several vital functions such as metabolism, secretion and
storage. Hepatitis or inflammatory disorder involves inflammation and damage to
the hepatocytes. Hepatitis is one of the most prevalent diseases in the world.
Every year 18,000 people had been reported to die due to liver cirrhosis caused
by viral hepatitis [L] Ectopic fat storage occurs in obesity particularly in
the liver leading to a condition termed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
[NAFLD] characterized by varying degree of liver injury that progresses from steatosis
to tratohepatitis, fibrosis and necrosis Due to its prominent association with
IR (insulin resistance). Obesity, NAFLD is regarded as the hepatic
manifestation of metabolite [3] syndrome. Liver has great capacity to
detoxicate toxic substances.
Kola pod is the
traditional health food around the world. Kola pod Husk meal is the residue
after grinding the pod of kola and filtration, and it is an excellent source in
slightly high in fiber (16.74%), low in crude protein (9.98%), moderate NFE
(42.391) and metabolizable energy 2497 kcal/kg, and ash content is relatively
high. (13.26%). when companied with the values reported by (Oluokun, 1999)
;(Hamzat and Babatunde, 2001). These differences might be due to varietals
differenced and shelf life of the test ingredient before analysis. However, the
crude protein content fairly put kola pod husk meal (KPHM) with feed
ingredients like Sorghum while the fibre content put it in same proximate
com being one of the important pods for medical treatment in the world. The
kola pod husk provides some essential materials for doth drying. The pod bark,
when mixed with some ingredients is used in traditional medicine to reduce
Labour pains. The bark is used in treating swellings and fresh wounds. The
roots provide excellent chewing sticks for cleaning the teeth and the wood is
used in local carvings coachwork and boatbuilding. Lipid refers to the
different kind of fats present in the bodies of human plasma include
triglyceride (TG), phospholipids (PL), cholesterol esters (CE), and free
cholesterol (FC) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA. Each lipid plays a
different role in our bodies yet all of them except free cholesterol (FC)
contain esters of long chain fatty acid in their structures. Lipids are
insoluble in plasma due to their non- polar structures thus; they need some
carriers that are soluble in polar and non- polar environment. Lipids are
packaged and carried in the form of lipoprotein, which
is a molecule that contains both protein (i.e. apolipoprotein) and lipids.
Statins (lipitor) are
group of drugs approved for their Cholesterol reduction properties and are
commonly used to treat atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. These drugs
inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A (HMG-COA) reductase. The rate limiting
enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis; which converts HMG.CoA to mevalonate. Apart
from cholesterol, mevalonate is also the substrate for the synthesis of
nonsteroid, isoprenoids such as coenzyme Q. Depletion of these isoprenoids
results in the so called plelotropic effects of statins which are independent
of cholesterol.
Lowering effect.These
plelotropic effects of anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and ant-proliferative
effect. In addition, data from experimental and observational studies indicated
that statins have neuroprotective effects and be a treatment option for
neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system and the ocular
structures particularly the retina (schemer, 2007). Statins (Atorvastatin) is
widely used in the treatment of hepatic diseases. They have been widely used in
chinning proactive as cholesterol lowering agents to reduce mobility and
mortality from coronary artery diseases. It also has an effect in inflammatory
diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis.
However, limited studies
are available on the effect of kola pod husk meal treatment on hepatoprotective
effect in high fat diet fed animal in this regard, the present study was aimed
to investigate the effect of kola pod meal on high-fat fed rats related to
different hepatoprotective effect by comparing Lipitor Treatment.
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Origin of kola
The gems Kola of the
family sterculiaceae (Russel, 1955), is indigenous to tropical
Africa and has its centre of greatest diversity in west Africa in the forest
areas of west Africa, kola is perhaps second only to palm oil in importance in
the list of indigenous cash crops. About 40 kola species have been described in
West Africa. However, in Nigeria, the kola species of real importance are
kola acuminate and kola nitida
(Quarcoo,1973;(Daramola,1978)
Kola acuminate and Kola nitida are important
economic crops in the forest areas of west and central Africa, carribean
islands, mauritivs, Sri Lanka and Malaysia (Eijnatten,1969);( Oladokun, 1985).
The cultivation of cola nitida in Nigeria began sometime in the 19th century.
The nitida―goro)wasobservednut‖tobe (kolagrowing abundantly in the
otta bush in 1854 while its cultivation was noted in Egba Division in 1902 and
in Labochi and envious in 1901. From Agege, kola nitida cultivation
presumably spread to the forest areas following first the course of the railway
line into Abeokuta, Ibadan and Offa replacing the local kola acuminata and
penetrating later along streams and river banks into the Guinea savannah and at
present, south and Eastern state (Eijnatte, 1969).
Kola nuts have for
hundreds of years served as an important article of internal trade in Nigeria
and other parts of Africa (Nzekwu, 1961). It has been an item of trade in West
Africa and in the Trans-saharan trade routes for many countries (Egbe and
Sobamiwa, 1989).
Kola nut is used as a
masticatory stimulant by Africans and has numerous uses in social, religious,
ritual and ceremonial functions by the natives in the forest region of Africa
it is used during ceremonies related to marriage, child naming, installation of
chiefs, funeral and sacrifices made to the various gods of Africa Mythology (Nzekwu,
1967) ;( Daramola, 1978) ;(Opeke, 1992). There is also increasing demand for
its usage in pharmaceuticals industries and for production of soft drinks,
wines, and candles (Beattie, 1970); Ogutuga, 1975). Its uses have inevitably
created a high demand in excess of its production (Oladokun, 1985).
Kola nut has been used
as abuse for a now brand of chocolate and wine (Kola chocolate and kola wine)
which were developed by CRIN researchers (famuyima, 1987). Eka, (1971), has
also reported the possible use of pulverized kola nuts for the preparation of
non-alcoholic beverages.
Kola pod husk has also
been utilized for the production of liquid soap. The most recent and remarkable
advancement is kola by-product utilization is the use of kola pod husk in the
replacement of up to 60% of the maize used in
pottery feed formulations (yahayaet al, 2001);
(Hamzat, 2001);( Hamzat and Babatunde, 2001) ;( Hamzat and longe, 2002) ;(
Hamzatet al; 2000) ;( Olubamimaet al, 2002). Other uses of kola
according to Nzekwu (1961) are as follows: - (1) It provides some essential
materials for doth dying. (2) The pod bark, when mixed with some ingredients is
used in traditional medicine to induce labour pains. (3) The bark is used in
treating swellings and fresh wounds. Research on the improvement of
productivity of kola is carried out at the cocoa research institute of Nigeria
(CRIN) with the mandate in Nigeria for research into production and extension
aspects of cocoa, kola, coffee, cashew and tea.
2.1 Strategies for enhancing investment
opportunities in kola production.
1. The first step
is to improve the quality and quantity of kola nut production in the country.
This can be achieved by two approaches.
2. Rehabilitation of kola orchards: a more
efficient utilization of land can be achieved by the cutting down of
unproductive trees and replacing them with proven materials.
Department | Bio-Chemistry |
Project ID Code | BCH0013 |
Chapters | 5 Chapters |
No of Pages | 35 pages |
Methodology | Null |
Reference | YES |
Format | Microsoft Word |
Price | ₦4000, $15 |
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Contact Us On | +2349067372103 |
Contact Us On | +2349094562208 |
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